PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Which Programming Language Should You Learn?
The type of software you want to develop is one consideration for which programming languages to learn. While there are no concrete rules for what language is used to write what software, a few trends offer some guidance:
- Web-based startups are more likely to be programming in Python and JavaScript.
- Larger companies tend to develop their internal software applications using C# or Java and their Web applications using PHP.
- Programs for data analytics typically use the R and MATLAB programming languages.
- Embedded devices, such as those in the automotive and healthcare industries, run software written in C, C++, or Rust.
- Applications that run on the cloud are increasingly written in Go or Scala.
- Mobile applications are increasingly written in Swift or Kotlin.
LIST OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES BY TYPE
ALPHABETIC LIST OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
The 10 Most Popular Programming Languages to Learn
LIST OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES BY TYPE
This is a list of notable programming languages, grouped by type.
There is no overarching classification scheme for programming languages. Thus, in many cases, a language is listed under multiple headings.
Array languages
Main category: Array programming languages
Array programming (also termed vector or multidimensional) languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to vectors, matrices, and higher-dimensional arrays.
- A+
- Analytica
- APL
- BASIC
- Chapel
- Fortran 90
- FreeMat
- GAUSS
- Interactive Data Language (IDL)
- J
- Julia
- K
- MATLAB
- Octave
- Q
- R
- S
- Scilab
- S-Lang
- SequenceL
- Speakeasy
- Wolfram Language
- X10
- ZPL
Assembly languages
Main article: Assembly language
Assembly languages directly correspond to a machine language (see below), although there may not be a 1-1 mapping between an individual statement and an individual instruction, so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans. Assembly languages let programmers use symbolic addresses, which the assembler converts to absolute or relocatable addresses. Most assemblers also support macros and symbolic constants.
Authoring languages
Main article: Authoring language
An authoring language is a programming language used to create tutorials, websites, and other interactive computer programs.
Constraint programming languages
Main article: Constraint programming
A constraint programming language is a declarative programming language where relationships between variables are expressed as constraints. Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints.
- Constraint Handling Rules
- ECLiPSe
Command line interface languages
Command-line interface (CLI) languages are also called batch languages or job control languages. Examples:
- 4DOS (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs)
- 4OS2 (extended command-line shell for IBM PCs)
- bash (the Bourne-Again shell from GNU, Free Software Foundation (FSF))
- CLIST (MVS Command List)
- CMS EXEC
- csh and tcsh (C-like shell from Bill Joy at UC Berkeley)
- DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) – standard CLI language for VMS (DEC, Compaq, HP)
- DOS batch language (standard CLI/batch language for the IBM PC running DOS operating systems, popular before Windows)
- EXEC 2
- Expect (a Unix automation and test tool)
- fish (a Unix shell)
- Hamilton C shell (a C shell for Windows)
- ksh (a standard Unix shell, written by David Korn)
- Rc (command-line shell for Plan 9)
- Rexx
- sh (the standard Unix shell, written by Stephen R. Bourne)
- TACL (Tandem Advanced Command Language)
- Windows batch language (Windows batch file language as understood by COMMAND.COM and CMD.EXE)
- Windows PowerShell (.NET-based CLI)
- zsh (a Unix shell)
Compiled languages
These are languages typically processed by compilers, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted[citation needed]. See also compiled language.
- ActionScript
- Ada (multi-purpose language)
-
ALGOL
(very influential language design; the second high-level language compiler)
- SMALL Machine ALGOL Like Language
- Ballerina (compiled to bytecode specific to the Ballerina Runtime (BVM))
- BASIC (some dialects, including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
- BCPL
- C (one of the most widely used procedural languages)
- C++ (widely used multiparadigm language derived from C)
- C# (compiled into CIL, generates a native image at runtime)
- Ceylon (compiled into JVMbytecode)
- CHILL
- CLIPPER 5.3 (programming Language for DOS-based software)
- CLEO (Clear Language for Expressing Orders) on the British Leo computers
- Clojure (compiled into JVMbytecode)
- COBOL
- Cobra
- Common Lisp
- Crystal
- Curl
- D (from a reengineering of C++)
- DASL compiles into Java, JavaScript, JSP, Flex, etc. as .war file
- Delphi (Borland's Object Pascal development system)
- DIBOL (Digital Interactive Business Oriented Language)
- Dylan
- eC
- Eiffel (object-oriented language developed by Bertrand Meyer)
- Elm
- Emacs Lisp
- Emerald
- Erlang
- F# (compiled into CIL, to generate runtime image)
- Factor
- Fortran (the first high-level, compiled language, from IBM's John Backus)
- GAUSS
- Go
- Gosu (compiled into JVMbytecode)
- Groovy (compiled into JVMbytecode)
- Haskell
- Harbour
- Java (usually compiled into JVMbytecode although ahead-of-time (AOT) compilers exist that compile to machine code)
- JOVIAL
- Julia (Compiled on the fly to machine code)
- Kotlin (Kotlin/Native uses LLVM to produce native binaries)
- LabVIEW
- Mercury
- Mesa
- Nemerle (compiled into intermediate language bytecode)
- Nim
- Objective-C
- P
- Pascal (most implementations)
- PL/I (general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
- Plus
- Python (compiles to intermediate VMbytecode)
- RPG (Report Program Generator)
- Rust
- Scala (compiled into JVMbytecode)
- Scheme (some implementations, e.g. Gambit)
- SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
- Simula (first object-oriented language, a superset of ALGOL 60)
- Smalltalk compiles to platform independent bytecode for a Virtual Machine
- Swift
-
ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- OCaml
- Turing
- Vala (compiler for the GObject type system)
- Visual Basic (use Common Intermediate Language (CIL) that is JIT compiled into a native runtime)
- Visual FoxPro
- Visual Prolog
- Xojo
Concurrent languages
Main category: Concurrent programming languages
For a more comprehensive list, see List of concurrent and parallel programming languages.
Message passing languages provide language constructs for concurrency. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as Java is shared memory concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as communicating sequential processes (CSP) or the π-calculus.
- Ada – multi-purpose language
- Alef – concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of Plan 9 from Bell Labs
- Ateji PX an extension of the Java language for parallelism
- Ballerina - a language designed for implementing and orchestrating micro-services. Provides a message based parallel-first concurrency model.
- ChucK – domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
- Cilk – a concurrent C
- Cω – C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
- Clojure – a dialect of Lisp for the Java virtual machine
- Chapel
- Co-array Fortran
- Concurrent Pascal (by Brinch-Hansen)
- Curry
- E – uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
- Eiffel (through the SCOOP mechanism, Simple Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
- Elixir (runs on the Erlang VM)
- Emerald - uses threads and monitors
- Erlang – uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
- Gambit Scheme - using the Termite library
- Go
- Haskell — supports concurrent, distributed, and parallel programming across multiple machines
- Java
- Julia
- Joule – dataflow language, communicates by message passing
- Limbo – relative of Alef, used for systems programming in Inferno (operating system)
- MultiLisp – Scheme variant extended to support parallelism
-
occam
– influenced heavily by Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP)
- occam-π – a modern variant of occam, which incorporates ideas from Milner's π-calculus
- Orc
- Oz – multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures, and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz
- P
- Pict – essentially an executable implementation of Milner's π-calculus
- Rust
- Scala – implements Erlang-style actors on the JVM
- SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
- SR – research language
- Unified Parallel C
- XProc – XML processing language, enabling concurrency
Curly-bracket languages
Curly-bracket or curly-brace programming languages have a syntax that defines statement blocks using the curly bracket or brace characters { and}. This syntax originated with BCPL (1966), and was popularized by C. Many curly-bracket languages descend from or are strongly influenced by C. Examples of curly-bracket languages include:
- ABCL/c+
- Alef
- AWK
- B
- bc
- BCPL
- Ballerina
- C – developed circa 1970 at Bell Labs
- C++
- C#
- Ceylon
- ChucK – audio programming language
- Cilk – concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
- Cyclone – a safer C variant
- D
- Dart
- DASL – based on Java
- E
- eC
- ECMAScript
- GLSL
- HLSL
- ICI
- Java
- LPC
- MEL
- Nemerle – combines C# and ML features, provides syntax extension abilities
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PHP
- Pico
- Pike
- PowerShell
- R
- Rust
- S-Lang
- Scala (curly-braces optional)
- sed
- SuperCollider
- Swift
- UnrealScript
- Yorick
- YASS
Dataflow languages
Dataflow programming languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:
- Analytica
- BMDFM
- Hartmann pipelines
- G (used in LabVIEW)
- Lucid
- Max
- Oz
- Prograph
- Pure Data
- Reaktor
- StreamBaseStreamSQLEventFlow
- VEE
- VHDL
- VisSim
- Vvvv
- WebMethods Flow
- Ballerina
- Swift (parallel scripting language)
Data-oriented languages
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets.[citation needed] Examples of data-oriented languages include:
- Clarion
- Clipper
- dBase a relational database access language
- Gremlin
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language with specializations for database work)
- Caché (similar to MUMPS)
- RDQL
- SPARQL
- SQL
- Tutorial D – see also The Third Manifesto
- Visual FoxPro – a native RDBMS engine, object-oriented, RAD
- WebDNA
- Wolfram Language
Decision table languages
Decision tables can be used as an aid to clarifying the logic before writing a program in any language, but in the 1960s a number of languages were developed where the main logic is expressed directly in the form of a decision table, including:
- Filetab
Declarative languages
Main category: Declarative programming languages
Declarative languages express the logic of a computation without describing its control flow in detail. Declarative programming stands in contrast to imperative programming via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure) functional and logic-based programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category. This section lists additional examples not in those subcategories.
- Analytica
- Ant (combine declarative programming and imperative programming)
- Curry
- Cypher
- Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) (combine declarative programming and imperative programming)
- ECL
- Gremlin
- Lustre
- Mercury
- MetaPost
- Modelica
- Prolog
- QML
- Oz
- RDQL
- SequenceL – purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
- SPARQL
- SQL (Only DQL, not DDL, DCL, and DML)
- Wolfram Language
- xBase
- XSL Transformations
Embeddable languages
In source code
Source embeddable languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text, often a web page.
Client-side embedded languages are limited by the abilities of the browser or intended client. They aim to provide dynamism to web pages without the need to recontact the server.
Server-side embedded languages are much more flexible, since almost any language can be built into a server. The aim of having fragments of server-side code embedded in a web page is to generate additional markup dynamically; the code itself disappears when the page is served, to be replaced by its output.
Server side
- PHP
- VBScript
- SMX – dedicated to web pages
- Tcl – server-side in NaviServer and an essential component in electronics industry systems
- WebDNA – dedicated to database-driven websites
The above examples are particularly dedicated to this purpose. A large number of other languages, such as Erlang, Scala, Perl and Ruby can be adapted (for instance, by being made into Apache modules).
Client side
- ActionScript
- JavaScript (aka ECMAScript or JScript)
- VBScript (Windows only)
In object code
A wide variety of dynamic or scripting languages can be embedded in compiled executable code. Basically, object code for the language's interpreter needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred.
Educational languages
For a more comprehensive list, see List of educational programming languages.
Languages developed primarily for the purpose of teaching and learning of programming.
- Alice
- Blockly
- Catrobat
- COMAL
- Elan
- Emerald
- Ezhil
- Logo
- KTurtle
- Modula-2
- Pascal
- Racket
- Scheme
- Scratch
- Snap!
- Turing
- Wolfram Language
Esoteric languages
Main category: Esoteric programming languages
An esoteric programming language is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke.
- Beatnik
- Befunge
- Brainfuck
- Chef
- INTERCAL
- LOLCODE
- Malbolge
- Piet
- Shakespeare
- Thue
- Whitespace
Extension languages
Extension programming languages are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.
- AutoLISP (specific to AutoCAD)
- BeanShell
- CAL
- C/AL (C/SIDE)
- Guile
- Emacs Lisp
- JavaScript and some dialects, e.g., JScript
- Lua (embedded in many games)
- OpenCL (extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU)
- OptimJ (extension of Java with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing)
- Perl
- Pike
- Python (embedded in Maya, Blender, and other 3-D animation packages)
- Rexx
- Ruby (Google SketchUp)
- S-Lang
- SQL
- Squirrel
- Tcl
- Vim script (vim)
- Visual Basic for Applications (VBA)
- Windows PowerShell
Fourth-generation languages
Main category: Fourth-generation programming languages
Fourth-generation programming languages are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments.
- 1C:Enterprise programming language
- ABAP
- CorVision
- CSC's GraphTalk
- CA-IDEAL (Interactive Development Environment for an Application Life) for use with CA-DATACOM/DB
- Easytrieve report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
- FOCUS
- IBM Informix-4GL
- LINC 4GL
- MAPPER (Unisys/Sperry) – now part of BIS
- MARK-IV (Sterling/Informatics) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
- NATURAL
- Progress 4GL
- PV-Wave
- LiveCode (not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs)
- SAS
- SQL
- Ubercode (VHLL, or Very High Level Language)
- Uniface
- Visual DataFlex
- Visual FoxPro
- xBase
Functional languages
Main category: Functional languages
Functional programming languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions and treat them as first-class. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Many functional languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
Pure
- Agda
- Clean
- Coq (Gallina)
- Cuneiform
- Curry
- Elm
- Futhark
- Haskell
- Hope
- Idris
- Joy
- Lean
- Mercury
- Miranda
- PureScript
- Ur
- KRC
- SAC
- SASL
- SequenceL
Impure
- APL
- ATS
- CAL
- C++ (since C++11)
- C#
- VB.NET
- Ceylon
- D
- Dart
- Curl
- ECMAScript
-
Erlang
- Elixir
- LFE
- Gleam
- F#
- Flix
- Groovy
- Hop
- J
- Java (since version 8)
- Julia
- Kotlin
-
Lisp
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Dylan
- Emacs Lisp
- LFE
- Little b
- Logo
-
Scheme
- Racket (formerly PLT Scheme)
- Tea
- Mathematica
-
ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- OCaml
- Nemerle
- Nim
- Opal
- OPS5
- Perl
- PHP
- Python
- Q (equational programming language)
- Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
- R
- Raku
- REBOL
- Red
- Ruby
- REFAL
- Rust
- Scala
- Swift
- Spreadsheets
- Tcl
- Wolfram Language
Hardware description languages
For a more comprehensive list, see List of hardware description languages.
In electronics, a hardware description language (HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure, design, and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are Verilog and VHDL. Hardware description languages include:
HDLs for analog circuit design
- Verilog-AMS (Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal)
- VHDL-AMS (VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)
HDLs for digital circuit design
- Advanced Boolean Expression Language
- Altera Hardware Description Language
- Bluespec
- Confluence
- ELLA
- Handel-C
- Impulse C
- JHDL
- Lava
- Lola
- MyHDL
- PALASM
- Ruby (hardware description language)
- SystemC
- SystemVerilog
- Verilog
- VHDL (VHSIC HDL)
Imperative languages
Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the imperative paradigm:
- Ada
- ALGOL
- BASIC
- C
- C++
- C#
- Ceylon
- CHILL
- COBOL
- D
- ECMAScript
- FORTRAN
- GAUSS
- Go
- Groovy
- Java
- Julia
- Lua
- MATLAB
- Machine languages
- Modula-2, Modula-3
- MUMPS
- Nim
- OCaml
- Oberon
- Object Pascal
- Pascal
- Perl
- PHP
- PL/I
- PowerShell
- PROSE
- Python
- Ruby
- Rust
- Speakeasy
- Swift
- Tcl
- Wolfram Language
Interactive mode languages
Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. The interactive mode is also termed a read–eval–print loop (REPL).
- APL
- BASIC (some dialects)
- Clojure
- Common Lisp
- Dart (with Observatory or Dartium's developer tools)
- ECMAScript
- Erlang
- Elixir (with iex)
- F#
- Fril
- GAUSS
- Groovy
- Haskell (with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
- IDL
- J
- Java (since version 9)
- Julia
- Lua
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general purpose language)
- Maple
- Mathematica (Wolfram language)
- MATLAB
- ML
- OCaml
- Perl
- PHP
- Pike
- PostScript
- Prolog
- Python
- PROSE
- R
- REBOL
- Rexx
- Ruby (with IRB)
- Scala
- Scheme
- Smalltalk (anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
- S-Lang (with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
- Speakeasy
- Swift
- Tcl (with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
- Unix shell
- Windows PowerShell (.NET-based CLI)
- Visual FoxPro
Interpreted languages
Interpreted languages are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term interpreted language generally refers to languages that are usually interpreted rather than compiled.
- Ant
- APL
- AutoHotkey scripting language
- AutoIt scripting language
- BASIC (some dialects)
- Programming Language for Business (PL/B, formerly DATABUS, later versions added optional compiling)
- Eiffel (via Melting Ice Technology in EiffelStudio)
- Emacs Lisp
- GameMaker Language
- Groovy
- J
- Julia (compiled on the fly to machine code, but a transpilerJulia2C exists)
- JavaScript
- Lisp (early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed)
- LPC
- Lua
- MUMPS (an ANSI standard general-purpose language)
- Maple
- Mathematica
- MATLAB
- OCaml
- Pascal (early implementations)
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PHP
- PostScript
- PowerShell
- PROSE
- Python
- Rexx
- R
- REBOL
- Ruby
- S-Lang
- Speakeasy
- Standard ML (SML)
- Spin
- Tcl
- Tea
- TorqueScript
- thinBasic scripting language
- VBScript
- Windows PowerShell – .NET-based CLI
- Wolfram Language
- Some scripting languages – below
Iterative languages
Iterative languages are built around or offering generators.
Languages by memory management type
Garbage collected languages
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016) |
- C#
- Crystal
- ECMAScript
- Emerald
- Erlang
- Go
- Groovy
- Java
- Julia
- Kotlin
- Lisp (originator)
- Haskell
- Lua
-
ML
- Standard ML (SML)
- OCaml
- Perl
- PHP
- PowerShell
- Python
- Ruby
- Smalltalk
- Nim (programming language)
Languages with manual memory management
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2016) |
Languages with deterministic memory management
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018) |
Languages with automatic reference counting (ARC)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2018) |
List-based languages – LISPs
List-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based on the list data structure.
Little languages
Little languages[3] serve a specialized problem domain.
- awk – used for text file manipulation.
- Comet – used to solve complex combinatorial optimization problems in areas such as resource allocation and scheduling
- sed – parses and transforms text
- SQL – has only a few keywords and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language[a] – many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a stored procedure language
Logic-based languages
Main category: Logic programming languages
Logic-based languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must-have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution.
Notable languages following this programming paradigm include:
- ALF
- Alma-0
- CLACL (CLAC-Language)
- Curry
- Fril
- Flix (a functional programming language with first-class Datalog constraints)
- Janus
- λProlog (a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming)
- Oz, and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz
-
Prolog
(formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of
mathematical logic called Horn logic and a general proving mechanism called
logical resolution)
- Mercury (based on Prolog)
- Visual Prolog (object-oriented Prolog extension)
- ROOP
Machine languages
Machine languages are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in octal or hexadecimal. Each bit pattern causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are specific to a family of processors; machine-language code for one family of processors cannot run directly on processors in another family unless the processors in question have additional hardware to support it (for example, DEC VAX processors included a PDP-11 compatibility mode). They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's assembly language, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Some commonly used machine code instruction sets are:
-
ARM
- Original 32-bit
- 16-bit Thumb instructions (subset or registers used)
- 64-bit (major architecture change, more registers)
- DEC:
- Intel 8008, 8080 and 8085
-
x86:
-
16-bit x86,
first used in the Intel 8086
- Intel 8086 and 8088 (the latter was used in the first and early IBM PC)
- Intel 80186
- Intel 80286 (the first x86 processor with protected mode, used in the IBM AT)
- IA-32, introduced in the 80386
- x86-64 The original specification was created by AMD. There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same:
-
16-bit x86,
first used in the Intel 8086
-
IBM[b]
- 305
- 650
- 701
- 702, 705 and 7080
- 704, 709, 7040, 7044, 7090, 7094
- 1400 series, 7010
- 7030
- 7070
- System/360 and successors, including z/Architecture
- MIPS
- Motorola 6800
- Motorola 68000 family (CPUs used in early Apple Macintosh and early Sun computers)
-
MOS Technology
65xx
- 6502 (CPU for VIC-20, Apple II, and Atari 800)
- 6510 (CPU for Commodore 64)
- Western Design Center 65816/65802 (CPU for Apple IIGS and (variant) Super Nintendo Entertainment System)
- National Semiconductor NS320xx
-
POWER, first
used in the IBM RS/6000
- PowerPC – used in Power Macintosh and in many game consoles, particularly of the seventh generation.
- Power ISA
- Sun Microsystems (Now Oracle) SPARC
-
UNIVAC[b]
- 30 bit computers: 490, 492, 494, 1230
-
36 bit
computers
- 1101, 1103, 1105
- 1100/2200 series
- MCST Elbrus 2000
Macro languages
Main category: Macro programming languages
Textual substitution macro languages
Macro languages transform one source code file into another. A "macro" is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one (not to be confused with hygienic macros), possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to preprocess source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like file inclusion.
Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a # in the case of the C preprocessor). Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a string literal, so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like PHP, which are fully featured.
- cpp (the C preprocessor)
- m4 (originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
- ML/I (general purpose macro processor)
Application macro languages
Scripting languages such as Tcl and ECMAScript (ActionScript, ECMAScript for XML, JavaScript, JScript) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called "macro languages", although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like m4.
Metaprogramming languages
Metaprogramming is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at run time during compile time. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
- C++
- CWIC
- Curl
- D
- eC
- Emacs Lisp
- Elixir
- F#
- Groovy
- Haskell
- Julia
- Lisp
- Lua
- Maude system
- Mathematica
- META II (and META I, a subset)
- MetaOCaml
- Nemerle
- Nim
- Perl
- Python
- Ruby
- Rust[4]
- Scheme
- SequenceL
- Smalltalk
- Source
- TREEMETA
- Wolfram Language
Multiparadigm languages
Main article: Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
Multiparadigm languages support more than one programming paradigm. They allow a program to use more than one programming style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
- 1C:Enterprise programming language (generic, imperative, object-oriented, prototype-based, functional)
- Ada (concurrent, distributed, generic (template metaprogramming), imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- ALF (functional, logic)
- Alma-0 (constraint, imperative, logic)
- APL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- BETA (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- C++ (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, metaprogramming)
- C# (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
- Ceylon (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
- ChucK (imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
- Cobra (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
- Common Lisp (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), aspect-oriented (user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
- Curl (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Curry (concurrent, functional, logic)
- D (generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- DelphiObject Pascal (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Dylan (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
- eC (generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- ECMAScript (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
- Eiffel (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic, functional (agents), concurrent (SCOOP))
- F# (functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
- Fantom (functional, object-oriented (class-based))
- Go (imperative, procedural),
- Groovy (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, procedural)
- Harbour
- Hop
- J (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Julia (imperative, multiple dispatch ("object-oriented"), functional, metaprogramming)
- LabVIEW (dataflow, visual)
- Lava (object-oriented (class-based), visual)
- Lua (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
- Mercury (functional, logical, object-oriented)
- Metaobject protocols (object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
- Nemerle (functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
- Objective-C (imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective)
- OCaml (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), modular)
- Oz (functional (evaluation: eager, lazy), logic, constraint, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed), and Mozart Programming System cross-platform Oz
- Object Pascal (imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Perl (imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
- PHP (imperative, object-oriented, functional (can't be purely functional))
- Pike (interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language )
- Prograph (dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
- Python (functional, compiled, interpreted, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming, extension, impure, interactive mode, iterative, reflective, scripting)
- R (array, interpreted, impure, interactive mode, list-based, object-oriented prototype-based, scripting)
- Racket (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based) and can be extended by the user)
- REBOL (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
- Red (functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
- ROOP (imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
- Ruby (imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
- Rust (concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented, generic, metaprogramming, compiled)
- Scala (functional, object-oriented)
- Seed7 (imperative, object-oriented, generic)
- SISAL (concurrent, dataflow, functional)
- Spreadsheets (functional, visual)
- Swift (protocol-oriented, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block-structured)
-
Tcl
(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Tea (functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
- Windows PowerShell (functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
- Wolfram Language
Numerical analysis
Several general-purpose programming languages, such as C and Python, are also used for technical computing, this list focuses on languages almost exclusively used for technical computing.
- FreeMat
- GAUSS
- GAMS
- GNU Octave
- Julia
- Klerer-May System
- Mathematica
- MATLAB
- PROSE
- R
- Seneca – an Oberon variant
- Scilab
- Wolfram Language
Non-English-based languages
Main article: Non-English-based programming languages
- Chinese BASIC – Chinese
- Fjölnir – Icelandic
- Language Symboliqued'Enseignement – French
- Lexico – Spanish
- Rapira – Russian
- ezhil-Tamil
Object-oriented class-based languages
Class-based Object-oriented programming languages support objects defined by their class. Class definitions include member data. Message passing is a key concept (if not the key concept) in Object-oriented languages.
Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called methods. In languages with single dispatch, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with multiple dispatch, methods are defined by generic functions. There are exceptions where single dispatch methods are generic functions (e.g. Bigloo's object system).
Single dispatch
- ActionScript 3.0
- Actor
- Ada 95 and Ada 2005 (multi-purpose language)
- APL
- BETA
- C++
- C#
- Ceylon
- Oxygene (formerly named Chrome)
- ChucK
- Cobra
- ColdFusion
- Curl
- D
- Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL)
- Delphi Object Pascal
- E
- GNU E
- eC
- Eiffel
- F-Script
- Fortran 2003
- Fortress
- Gambas
- Game Maker Language
- Harbour
- J
- Java
- LabVIEW
- Lava
- Lua
-
Modula-2
(data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
- Modula-3 (added more object-oriented features to Modula-2)
- Nemerle
- NetRexx
- Oberon-2 (full object-orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
- Object Pascal
- Object REXX
- Objective-C (a superset of C adding a Smalltalk derived object model and message passing syntax)
- OCaml
- Oz, Mozart Programming System
- Perl 5
- PHP
- Pike
- Prograph
- Python (interpretive language, optionally object-oriented)
- Revolution (programmer does not get to pick the objects)
- Ruby
- Scala
- Speakeasy
- Simula (first object-oriented language, developed by Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard)
-
Smalltalk
(pure object-orientation, developed at Xerox PARC)
- F-Script
- Little Smalltalk
- Pharo
- Squeak
- IBM VisualAge
- VisualWorks
- SPIN
- SuperCollider
- VBScript (Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
- Visual DataFlex
- Visual FoxPro
- Visual Prolog
- X++
- Xojo
- XOTcl
Object-oriented prototype-based languages
Prototype-based languages are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed:
- 1C:Enterprise programming language
- Actor-Based Concurrent Language (ABCL, ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, ABCL/c+)
- Agora
- Cecil
-
ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- Etoys in Squeak
- Io
- Lua
- MOO
- NewtonScript
- Obliq
- R
- REBOL
- Red
- Self (first prototype-based language, derived from Smalltalk)
- TADS
Off-side rule languages
Main article: Off-side rule § Off-side rule languages
Off-side rule languages denote blocks of code by their indentation.
- ISWIM, the abstract language that introduced the rule
- ABC, Python's parent
- Miranda, Haskell's parent
- Elixir (, do: blocks)
- F#
- Nim
- Occam
- SPIN
- Scala (off-side optional)
Procedural languages
Procedural programming languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
- Ada (multi-purpose language)
-
ALGOL
(very influential language design; the second high level language compiler)
- SMALL Machine ALGOL Like Language
- Alma-0
- BASIC (these lack most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
- BCPL
- BLISS
- C
- C++ (C with objects plus much else, such as, generics through STL)
- C# (similar to Java/C++)
- Ceylon
- CHILL
- ChucK (C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
- COBOL
- Cobra
- ColdFusion
- Combined Programming Language (CPL)
- Curl
- D
- Distributed Application Specification Language (DASL) (combine declarative programming and imperative programming)
- eC
-
ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- Source
- Eiffel
- Fortran (better modularity in later Standards)
- GAUSS
- Go
- Harbour
- HyperTalk
- Java
- JOVIAL
- Julia
- Language H
- Lasso
- Modula-2 (fundamentally based on modules)
- Mathematica
- MATLAB
- Mesa
- MUMPS (first release was more modular than other languages of the time; the standard has become even more modular since then)
- Nemerle
- Nim
-
Oberon,
Oberon-2 (improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
- Component Pascal
- Seneca
- OCaml
- Occam
- Oriel
-
Pascal
(successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
- Free Pascal (FPC)
- Object Pascal, Delphi
- PCASTL
- Perl
- Pike
- PL/C
- PL/I (large general purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
- Plus
- PowerShell
- PROSE
- Python
- R
- Rapira
- RPG (available only in IBM's System i midrange computers)
- Rust
- S-Lang
- VBScript
- Visual Basic
- Visual FoxPro
- Wolfram Language
- Microsoft Dynamics AX (X++)
Query languages
Main article: Query language
Reflective Language
Reflective languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like Smalltalk, and less common in lower-level programming languages like C. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:
See also: Aspect-oriented programming
- Befunge
- Ceylon
- Charm
- ChucK
- CLI
- Cobra
- Component PascalBlackBox Component Builder
- Curl
- Cypher
- DelphiObject Pascal
- eC
- ECMAScript
- Emacs Lisp
- Eiffel
- Harbour
- Julia
- JVM
- Lisp
- Lua
- Maude system
- Oberon-2 – ETH Oberon System
- Objective-C
- PCASTL
- Perl
- PHP
- Pico
- Poplog
- PowerShell
- Prolog
- Python
- REBOL
- Red
- Ruby
-
Smalltalk
(pure object-orientation, originally from Xerox PARC)
- F-Script
- Little Smalltalk
- Self
- Squeak
- IBM VisualAge
- VisualWorks
- Snobol
- Tcl
- Wolfram Language
- XOTcl
- X++
- Xojo
Rule-based languages
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include:[citation needed]
- awk
- CLIPS
- Constraint Handling Rules
- Drools
- GOAL agent programming language
- Jess
- OPS5
- Prolog
- ToonTalk – robots are rules
- Mathematica
- XSLT[citation needed]
- Wolfram Language
Scripting languages
"Scripting language" has two apparently different, but in fact similar, meanings. In a traditional sense, scripting languages are designed to automate frequently used tasks that usually involve calling or passing commands to external programs. Many complex application programs provide built-in languages that let users automate tasks. Those that are interpretive are often called scripting languages.
Recently, many applications have built-in traditional scripting languages, such as Perl or Visual Basic, but there are quite a few native scripting languages still in use. Many scripting languages are compiled to bytecode and then this (usually) platform-independent bytecode is run through a virtual machine (compare to Java virtual machine).
- AppleScript
- AutoHotKey
- AutoIt
- AWK
- bc
- BeanShell
- Bash
- Ch (Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
- CLI
- CLIST
- ColdFusion
-
ECMAScript
- ActionScript
- ECMAScript for XML
- JavaScript (first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
- JScript
- Source
- Emacs Lisp
- CMS EXEC
- EXEC 2
- F-Script
- Game Maker Language (GML)
- ICI
- Io
- JASS
- Julia (still, compiled on the fly to machine code)
- JVM
- Ksh
- Lasso
- Lua
- MAXScript
- MEL
- Object REXX (OREXX, OOREXX)
- Oriel
- Pascal Script
- Perl
- PHP (intended for Web servers)
- PowerShell
- Python
- R
- REBOL
- Red
- Rexx
- Revolution
- Ruby
- Sh
- Smalltalk
- S-Lang
- sed
- Tea
- Tcl
- TorqueScript
- VBScript
- WebDNA, dedicated to database-driven websites
- Windows PowerShell (.NET-based CLI)
- Winbatch
- Many shell command languages such as Unix shell or DIGITAL Command Language (DCL) on VMS have powerful scripting abilities.
Stack-based languages
Main category: Stack-oriented programming languages
Stack-based languages are a type of data-structured language that are based on the stack data structure.
- Beatnik
- Canonware Onyx[5]
- Factor
- Forth
- Joy (all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters)
- Piet
- Poplog via its implementation language POP-11
- PostScript
- RPL
- S-Lang
Synchronous languages
Main category: Synchronous programming languages
Synchronous programming languages are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called realtime systems, and are used often in embedded systems.
Examples:
Shading languages
See also: Category:Shading languages
A shading language is a graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects. Such language forms usually consist of special data types, like "color" and "normal". Due to the variety of target markets for 3D computer graphics.
Real-time rendering
They provide both higher hardware abstraction and a more flexible programming model than previous paradigms which hardcoded transformation and shading equations. This gives the programmer greater control over the rendering process and delivers richer content at lower overhead.
- Adobe Graphics Assembly Language (AGAL)[6]
- ARB assembly language (ARB assembly)
- OpenGL Shading Language (GLSL or glslang)
- High-Level Shading Language (HLSL) or DirectX Shader Assembly Language
- PlayStation Shader Language (PSSL)
- Metal Shading Language (MSL)
- Cg
- Shining Rock Shading Language (SRSL)[7]
- Spark[8]
- Nitrous Shading Language[9]
- Godot Shading Language[10]
Offline rendering
Shading languages used in offline rendering produce maximum image quality. Processing such shaders is time-consuming. The computational power required can be expensive because of their ability to produce photorealistic results.
- RenderMan Shading Language (RSL)
- Houdini VEX Shading Language (VEX)
- Gelato Shading Language
- Open Shading Language (OSL)
Syntax-handling languages
These languages assist with generating lexical analyzers and parsers for context-free grammars.
- ANTLR
- Coco/R (EBNF with semantics)
- GNU bison (FSF's version of Yacc)
- GNU Flex (FSF version of Lex)
- glex/gyacc (GoboSoft compiler-compiler to Eiffel)
- lex (Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
- M4
- Parsing expression grammar (PEG)
- Prolog
- Emacs Lisp
- Lisp
- SableCC
- Scheme
- yacc (yet another compiler-compiler, from Bell Labs)
- JavaCC
System languages
The system programming languages are for low level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with application software.
System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes software categories such as operating systems, utility software, device drivers, compilers, and linkers. Examples of system languages include:
Language |
Originator |
First appeared |
Influenced by |
Used for |
1961 |
||||
IBM, SHARE |
1964 |
ALGOL, FORTRAN, some COBOL |
||
1968 |
ALGOL 60 |
|||
1969 |
Most operating system kernels, including Windows NT and most Unix-like systems |
|||
PL/S |
196x |
|||
BLISS |
Carnegie Mellon University |
1970 |
ALGOL-PL/I[11] |
VMS (portions) |
197x |
AIX |
|||
PL-6 |
Honeywell, Inc. |
197x |
CP-6 |
|
197x |
NOS subsystems, most compilers, FSE editor |
|||
C++ |
1979 |
See C++ Applications[12] |
||
Jean Ichbiah, S. Tucker Taft |
1983 |
Embedded systems, OS kernels, compilers, games, simulations, CubeSat, air traffic control, and avionics |
||
Digital Mars |
2001 |
C++ |
Multiple domains[13] |
|
Andreas Rumpf |
2008 |
OS kernels, compilers, games |
||
Mozilla Research[14] |
2010 |
Servo layout engine, Redox OS |
||
2014 |
C, Objective-C, Rust |
Transformation languages
Main article: Transformation language
Visual languages
Main category: Visual programming languages
Visual programming languages let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Some dataflow programming languages are also visual languages.
- Analytica
- Blockly
- DRAKON
- Fabrik
- G (used in LabVIEW)
- Grasshopper
- Lava
- Limnor
- Max
- NXT-G
- Pict
- Prograph
- Pure Data
- Quartz Composer
- Scratch (written in and based on Squeak, a version of Smalltalk)
- Snap!
- Simulink
- Spreadsheets
- Stateflow
- Subtext
- ToonTalk
- VEE
- VisSim
- Vvvv
- XOD
- EICASLAB
Wirth languages
Computer scientist Niklaus Wirth designed and implemented several influential languages.
- ALGOL W
- Euler
- Modula
-
Oberon
(Oberon, Oberon-07, Oberon-2)
- Component Pascal
- Oberon-2
-
Pascal
- Object Pascal (umbrella name for Delphi, Free Pascal, Oxygene, others)
XML-based languages
These are languages based on or that operate on XML.
- Ant
- Cω
- ECMAScript for XML
- MXML
- LZX
- XAML
- XPath
- XQuery
- XProc
- eXtensibleStylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)
ALPHABETIC LIST OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
This is an index to notable programming languages, in current or historical use. Dialects of BASIC, esoteric programming languages, and markup languages are not included. A programming language does not need to be imperative or Turing-complete, but must be executable and so does not include markups such as HTML or XML, but does include domain specific languages such as SQL and its dialects.
Contents:
A
- A.NET (A#/A sharp)
- A-0 System
- A+ (A plus)
- A++
- ABAP
- ABC
- ABC ALGOL
- ACC
- Accent (Rational Synergy)
- Ace DASL (Distributed Application Specification Language)
- Action!
- ActionScript
- Actor
- Ada
- Adenine (Haystack)
- AdvPL
- Agda
- Agilent VEE (Keysight VEE)
- Agora
- AIMMS
- Aldor
- Alef
- ALF
- ALGOL 58
- ALGOL 60
- ALGOL 68
- ALGOL W
- Alice (Alice ML)
- Alma-0
- AmbientTalk
- Amiga E
- AMOS (AMOS BASIC)
- AMPL
- Analitik
- AngelScript
- Apache Pig latin
- Apex (Salesforce.com, Inc)
- APL
- App Inventor for Android's visual block language (MIT App Inventor)
- AppleScript
- APT
- Arc
- ARexx
- Argus
- Assembly language (ASM)
- AutoHotkey
- AutoIt
- AutoLISP / Visual LISP
- Averest
- AWK
- Axum
B
- B
- Babbage
- Ballerina
- Bash
- BASIC
- Batch file (Windows/MS-DOS)
- bc (basic calculator)
- BCPL
- BeanShell
- Bertrand
- BETA
- BLISS
- Blockly
- BlooP
- Boo
- Boomerang
- Bosque
C
- C – ISO/IEC 9899
- C-- (C minus minus)
- C++ (C plus plus) – ISO/IEC 14882
- C*
- C# (C sharp) – ISO/IEC 23270
- C/AL
- CachéObjectScript
- C Shell (csh)
- Caml
- Carbon
- Cayenne (LennartAugustsson)
- CDuce
- Cecil
- CESIL (Computer Education in Schools Instruction Language)
- Céu
- Ceylon
- CFEngine
- Cg (High-Level Shader/Shading Language [HLSL])
- Ch
- Chapel (Cascade High Productivity Language)
- Charm
- CHILL
- CHIP-8
- ChucK
- Cilk (also Cilk++ and Cilk plus)
- Control Language
- Claire
- Clarion
- Clean
- Clipper
- CLIPS
- CLIST
- Clojure
- CLU
- CMS-2
- COBOL – ISO/IEC 1989
- CobolScript – COBOL Scripting language
- Cobra
- CoffeeScript
- ColdFusion
- COMAL
- COMIT
- Common Intermediate Language (CIL)
- Common Lisp (also known as CL)
- COMPASS
- Component Pascal
- Constraint Handling Rules (CHR)
- COMTRAN
- Cool
- Coq
- Coral 66
- CorVision
- COWSEL
- CPL
- Cryptol
- Crystal
- Csound
- Cuneiform
- Curl
- Curry
- Cybil
- Cyclone
- Cypher Query Language
- Cython
- CEEMAC
D
- D
- Dart
- Darwin
- DataFlex
- Datalog
- DATATRIEVE
- dBase
- dc
- DCL (DIGITAL Command Language)
- Delphi
- DinkC
- DIBOL
- Dog
- Draco
- DRAKON
- Dylan
- DYNAMO
- DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)
E
- E
- Ease
- Easy PL/I
- EASYTRIEVE PLUS
- eC
- ECMAScript
- Edinburgh IMP
- EGL
- Eiffel
- ELAN
- Elixir
- Elm
- Emacs Lisp
- Emerald
- Epigram
- EPL (Easy Programming Language)
- Erlang
- es
- Escher
- ESPOL
- Esterel
- Etoys
- Euclid
- Euler
- Euphoria
- EusLisp Robot Programming Language
- CMS EXEC (EXEC)
- EXEC 2
- Executable UML
- Ezhil
F
- F
- F# (F sharp)
- F*
- Factor
- Fantom
- FAUST
- FFP
- fish
- Fjölnir
- FL
- FlagShip
- Flavors
- Flex
- Flix
- FlooP
- FLOW-MATIC (B0)
- FOCAL (Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language/FOrmulaCALculator)
- FOCUS
- FOIL
- FORMAC (FORMulaMAnipulation Compiler)
- @Formula
- Forth
- Fortran – ISO/IEC 1539
- Fortress
- FP
- FoxBase/FoxPro
- Franz Lisp
- Futhark
- F-Script
G
- Game Maker Language
- GameMonkey Script
- GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling System)
- GAP
- G-code
- GDScript (Godot)
- Genie
- GDL (Geometric Description Language)
- GEORGE
- GLSL (OpenGL Shading Language)
- GNU E
- GNU Guile (GNU Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions)
- Go
- Go!
- GOAL (Game Oriented Assembly Lisp)
- Gödel
- Golo
- GOM (Good Old Mad)
- Google Apps Script
- Gosu
- GOTRAN (IBM 1620)
- GPSS (General Purpose Simulation System)
- GraphTalk (Computer Sciences Corporation)
- GRASS
- Grasshopper
- Groovy (Apache Groovy)
H
- Hack
- HAGGIS
- HAL/S
- Halide (programming language)
- Hamilton C shell
- Harbour
- Hartmann pipelines
- Haskell
- Haxe
- Hermes
- High Level Assembly (HLA)
- HLSL
- Hollywood
- HolyC (TempleOS)
- Hop
- Hopscotch
- Hope
- Hume
- HyperTalk
- Hy
I
J
- J
- J# (J sharp)
- J++ (J plus plus)
- JADE
- Jai
- JAL
- Janus (concurrent constraint programming language)
- Janus (time-reversible computing programming language)
- JASS
- Java
- JavaFX Script
- JavaScript
- Jess
- JCL
- JEAN
- Join Java
- JOSS
- Joule
- JOVIAL
- Joy
- JScript
- JScript .NET
- Julia
- Jython
K
- K
- Kaleidoscope
- Karel
- KEE
- Kixtart
- Klerer-May System
- KIF (Knowledge Interchange Format)
- Kojo
- Kotlin
- KRC
- KRL
- KRL (KUKA Robot Language)
- KRYPTON
- KornShell (ksh)
- Kodu
- Kv (Kivy)
L
- LabVIEW
- Ladder
- LANSA
- Lasso
- Lava
- LC-3
- Lean
- Legoscript
- LIL
- LilyPond
- Limbo
- Limnor
- LINC
- Lingo
- LINQ
- LIS
- LISA
- Language H
- Lisp – ISO/IEC 13816
- Lite-C
- Lithe
- Little b
- LLL
- Logo
- Logtalk
- LotusScript
- LPC
- LSE
- LSL
- LiveCode
- LiveScript
- Lua
- Lucid
- Lustre
- LYaPAS
- Lynx
M
- M Formula language
- M2001
- M4
- M#
- Machine code
- MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder)
- MAD/I
- Magik
- Magma
- Máni
- Maple
- MAPPER (now part of BIS)
- MARK-IV (now VISION:BUILDER)
- Mary
- MATLAB
- MASM Microsoft Assembly x86
- MATH-MATIC
- Maude system
- Maxima (see also Macsyma)
- Max (Max Msp – Graphical Programming Environment)
- MaxScript internal language 3D Studio Max
- Maya (MEL)
- MDL
- Mercury
- Mesa
- MHEG-5 (Interactive TV programming language)
- Microcode
- Microsoft Power Fx
- MIIS
- Milk (programming language)
- MIMIC
- Mirah
- Miranda
- MIVA Script
- ML
- Model 204
- Modelica
- Modula
- Modula-2
- Modula-3
- Mohol
- MOO
- Mortran
- Mouse
- MPD
- MSL
- MUMPS
- MuPAD
- Mutan
- Mystic Programming Language (MPL)
N
- NASM
- Napier88
- Neko
- Nemerle
- NESL
- Net.Data
- NetLogo
- NetRexx
- NewLISP
- NEWP
- Newspeak
- NewtonScript
- Nial
- Nickle (NITIN)
- Nim
- Nix (Systems configuration language)
- NPL
- Not eXactly C (NXC)
- Not Quite C (NQC)
- NSIS
- Nu
- NWScript
- NXT-G
O
- o:XML
- Oak
- Oberon
- OBJ2
- Object Lisp
- ObjectLOGO
- Object REXX
- Object Pascal
- Objective-C
- Obliq
- OCaml
- occam
- occam-π
- Octave
- OmniMark
- Opa
- Opal
- Open Programming Language (OPL)
- OpenCL
- OpenEdge Advanced Business Language (ABL)
- OpenVera
- OpenQASM
- OPS5
- OptimJ
- Orc
- ORCA/Modula-2
- Oriel
- Orwell
- Oxygene
- Oz
P
- P
- P4
- P′′
- ParaSail
- PARI/GP
- Pascal – ISO 7185
- Pascal Script
- PCASTL
- PCF
- PEARL
- PeopleCode
- Perl
- PDL
- Pharo
- PHP
- Pico
- Picolisp
- Pict
- Pike
- PILOT
- Pipelines
- Pizza
- PL-11
- PL/0
- PL/B
- PL/C
- PL/I – ISO 6160
- PL/M
- PL/P
- PL/S
- PL/SQL
- PL360
- PLANC
- Plankalkül
- Planner
- PLEX
- PLEXIL
- Plus
- POP-11
- POP-2
- PostScript
- PortablE
- POV-Ray SDL
- Powerhouse
- PowerBuilder – 4GL GUI application generator from Sybase
- PowerShell
- PPL
- Processing
- Processing.js
- Prograph
- Project Verona
- Prolog
- PROMAL
- Promela
- PROSE modeling language
- PROTEL
- ProvideX
- Pro*C
- Pure
- Pure Data
- PureScript
- PWCT
- Python
Q
- Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
- Q# (Microsoft programming language)
- Qalb
- Quantum Computation Language
- QtScript
- QuakeC
- QPL
- .QL
R
- R
- R++
- Racket
- Raku
- RAPID
- Rapira
- Ratfiv
- Ratfor
- rc
- Reason
- REBOL
- Red
- Redcode
- REFAL
- REXX
- Ring
- ROOP
- RPG
- RPL
- RSL
- RTL/2
- Ruby
- Rust
S
- S
- S2
- S3
- S-Lang
- S-PLUS
- SA-C
- SabreTalk
- SAIL
- SAKO
- SAS
- SASL
- Sather
- Sawzall
- Scala
- Scheme
- Scilab
- Scratch
- Script.NET
- Sed
- Seed7
- Self
- SenseTalk
- SequenceL
- Serpent
- SETL
- Short Code
- SIMPOL
- SIGNAL
- SiMPLE
- SIMSCRIPT
- Simula
- Simulink
- SISAL
- SKILL
- SLIP
- SMALL
- Smalltalk
- SML
- Strongtalk
- Snap!
- SNOBOL (SPITBOL)
- Snowball
- SOL
- Solidity
- SOPHAEROS
- Source
- SPARK
- Speakeasy
- Speedcode
- SPIN
- SP/k
- SPS
- SQL
- SQR
- Squeak
- Squirrel
- SR
- S/SL
- Starlogo
- Strand
- Stata
- Stateflow
- Subtext
- SBL
- SuperCollider
- Superplan
- SuperTalk
- Swift (Apple programming language)
- Swift (parallel scripting language)
- SYMPL
T
- T
- TACL
- TACPOL
- TADS (Text Adventure Development System)
- TAL
- Tcl
- Tea
- TECO (Text Editor and Corrector)
- TELCOMP
- TeX
- TEX (Text Executive Programming Language)
- TIE
- TMG (TransMoGriffer), compiler-compiler
- Tom
- Toi
- Topspeed (Clarion)
- TPU (Text Processing Utility)
- Trac
- TTM
- T-SQL (Transact-SQL)
- Transcript (LiveCode)
- TTCN (Tree and Tabular Combined Notation)
- Turing
- TUTOR (PLATO Author Language)
- TXL
- TypeScript
- Tynker
U
V
- Vala
- Vim script
- Viper (Ethereum/Ether (ETH))
- Visual DataFlex
- Visual DialogScript
- Visual FoxPro
- Visual J++ (Visual J plus plus)
- Visual LISP
- Visual Objects
- Visual Prolog
W
X
- X++ (X plus plus/Microsoft Dynamics AX)
- X10
- xBase++ (xBase plus plus)
- XBL
- XC (targets XMOS architecture)
- xHarbour
- XL
- Xojo
- XOTcl
- Xod
- XPL
- XPL0
- XQuery
- XSB
- XSharp (X#)
- XSLT
- Xtend
Y
Z
References
- ^"Understanding Ownership - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org.
- ^"Smart Pointers - The Rust Programming Language". doc.rust-lang.org.
- ^ Jon Bentley (AT&T) August 1986 CACM29 (8) "Little Languages", pp 711-721 from his Programming Pearls column
- ^"Procedural Macros for Generating Code from Attributes". doc.rust-lang.org.
- ^"Canonware Onyx". Canonware.com. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^Scabia, Marco. "What is AGAL". Adobe Developer Connection. Adobe. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^Hodorowicz, Luke. "Shading Languages". www.shiningrocksoftware.com. Shining Rock Software. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^Foley, Tim; Hanrahan, Pat. "Spark: Modular, ComposableShaders for Graphics Hardware". Intel Software. ACM. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^"Nitrous FAQ". oxidegames.com. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^Linietsky, Juan; Manzur, Ariel. "Shading language – Godot Engine latest documentation". docs.godotengine.org. Godot community. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^Wulf, W.A.; Russell, D.B.; Haberman, A.N. (December 1971). "BLISS: A Language for Systems Programming". Communications of the ACM. 14 (12): 780–790. CiteSeerX .doi:10.1145/362919.362936.
- ^"C++ Applications".
- ^[1]
- ^"Mozilla Research". 1 January 2014.
Wikipedia. List_of_programming_languages
The 10 Most Popular Programming Languages to Learn
1. Python
Number of jobs: 19,000
Average annual salary: $120,000
Benefits: Python is widely regarded as a programming language that’s easy to learn, due to its simple syntax, a large library of standards and toolkits, and integration with other popular programming languages such as C and C++. In fact, it’s the first language that students learn in the Align program, Gorton says. “You can cover a lot of computer science concepts quickly, and it’s relatively easy to build on.” It is a popular programming language, especially among startups, and therefore Python skills are in high demand.
Drawbacks: Python is not suitable for mobile application development.
Common uses: Python is used in a wide variety of applications, including artificial intelligence, financial services, and data science. Social media sites such as Instagram and Pinterest are also built on Python.
2. JavaScript
Number of jobs: 24,000
Average annual salary: $118,000
Benefits: JavaScript is the most popular programming language for building interactive websites; “virtually everyone is using it,” Gorton says. When combined with Node.js, programmers can use JavaScript to produce web content on the server before a page is sent to the browser, which can be used to build games and communication applications that run directly in the browser. A wide variety of add-ons extend the functionality of JavaScript as well.
Drawbacks: Internet browsers can disable JavaScript code from running, as JavaScript is used to code pop-up ads that in some cases can contain malicious content.
Common uses: JavaScript is used extensively in website and mobile application development. Node.js allows for the development of browser-based applications, which do not require users to download an application.
3. Java
Number of jobs: 29,000
Average annual salary: $104,000
Benefits: Java is the programming language most commonly associated with the development of client-server applications, which are used by large businesses around the world. Java is designed to be a loosely coupled programming language, meaning that an application written in Java can run on any platform that supports Java. As a result, Java is described as the “write once, run anywhere” programming language.
Drawbacks: Java is not ideal for applications that run on the cloud, as opposed to the server (which is common for business applications). In addition, the software company Oracle, which owns Java, charges a licensing fee to use the Java Development Kit.
Common uses: Along with business applications, Java is used extensively in the Android mobile operating system.
4. C#
Number of jobs: 18,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: Microsoft developed C# as a faster and more secure variant of C. It is fully integrated with Microsoft’s .NET software framework, which supports the development of applications for Windows, browser plug-ins, and mobile devices. C# offers shared codebases, a large code library, and a variety of data types.
Drawbacks: C# can have a steep learning curve, especially for resolving errors. It is less flexible than languages such as C++.
Common uses: C# is the go-to language for Microsoft ad Windows application development. It can also be used for mobile devices and video game consoles using an extension of the .NET Framework called Mono.
5. C
Number of jobs: 8,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: Along with Python and Java, C forms a “good foundation” for learning how to program, Gorton says. As one of the first programming languages ever developed, C has served as the foundation for writing more modern languages such as Python, Ruby, and PHP. It is also an easy language to debug, test, and maintain.
Drawbacks: Since it’s an older programming language, C is not suitable for more modern use cases such as websites or mobile applications. C also has a complex syntax as compared to more modern languages.
Common uses: Because it can run on any type of device, C is often used to program hardware, such as embedded devices in automobiles and medical devices used in healthcare.
6. C++
Number of jobs: 9,000
Average annual salary: $97,000
Benefits: C++ is an extension of C that works well for programming the systems that run applications, as opposed to the applications themselves. C++ also works well for multi-device and multi-platform systems. Over time, programmers have written a large set of libraries and compilers for C++. Being able to use these utilities effectively is just as important to understanding a programming language as writing code, Gorton says.
Drawbacks: Like C, C++ has complex syntax and an abundance of features that can make it complicated for new programmers. C++ also does not support run-time checking, which is a method of detecting errors or defects while software is running.
Common uses: C++ has many uses and is the language behind everything from computer games to mathematical simulations.
7. Go
Number of jobs: 1,700
Average annual salary: $93,000
Benefits: Also referred to as Golang, Go was developed by Google to be an efficient, readable, and secure language for system-level programming. It works well for distributed systems, in which systems are located on different networks and need to communicate by sending messages to each other. While it is a relatively new language, Go has a large standards library and extensive documentation.
Drawbacks: Go has not gained widespread use outside of Silicon Valley. Go does not include a library for graphical user interfaces, which are the most common ways that end-users interact with any device that has a screen.
Common uses: Go is used primarily for applications that need to process a lot of data. In addition to Google, companies using Go for certain applications include Netflix, Twitch, and Uber.
8. R
Number of jobs: 1,500
Average annual salary: $93,000
Benefits: R is heavily used in statistical analytics and machine learning applications. The language is extensible and runs on many operating systems. Many large companies have adopted R in order to analyze their massive data sets, so programmers who know R are in great demand.
Drawbacks: R does not have the strict programming guidelines of older and more established languages.
Common uses: R is primarily used in statistical software products.
9. Swift
Number of jobs: 1,800
Average annual salary: $93,000
Benefits: Swift is Apple’s language for developing applications for Mac computers and Apple’s mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch. Like many modern programming languages, Swift has a highly readable syntax, runs code quickly, and can be used for both client-side and server-side development.
Drawbacks: Swift can only be used on newer versions of iOS 7 and will not work with older applications. As a newer programming language, the code can be unstable at times, and there are fewer third-party resources available to programmers.
Common uses: Swift is used for iOS and macOS applications.
10. PHP
Number of jobs: 7,000
Average annual salary: $81,000
Benefits: PHP is widely used for server-side web development, when a website frequently requests information from a server. As an older language, PHP benefits from a large ecosystem of users who have produced frameworks, libraries, and automation tools to make the programming language easier to use. PHP code is also easy to debug.
Drawbacks: As Python and JavaScript have gained popularity, PHP’s popularity has dropped. PHP is also known for its security vulnerabilities. According to Indeed, most PHP programmers take short-term roles that last less than one year.
Common uses: PHP is the code running content-oriented websites such as Facebook, WordPress, and Wikipedia.
7 Other Programming Languages to Consider
The following programming languages aren’t quite as popular as the 10 listed above, but they are also worth considering if you’re looking to expand your programming options.
- Dart is optimal for programming applications that need to run on multiple platforms, such as Windows and iOS.
- Kotlinis used to develop applications for the Android OS.
- MATLAB is a proprietary language developed by MathWorks and used for scientific research and numerical computing.
- Perl got its start for programming text, which makes it easy to learn and popular for developing a proof of concept.
- Ruby is losing traction as compared to other languages, but the Ruby on Rails framework was influential to other, later Web application frameworks for Python, PHP, and JavaScript.
- Rust emphasizes high performance and security and is useful for applications where many things are happening concurrently.
- Scala, named as a play on scalable language, is compatible with Java and is useful for cloud-based applications.
Brian Eastwood | Industry AdviceComputing and IT Most-popular-programming-languages/
The Top 50 Programming Languages to Learn Coding
Which language best suites you?
The dawn of the digital age has now made it possible to everyone to play with codes and write a computer program. What all this need is to have a solid grasp of emerging technology and programming languages. However, it is not as easy as it seems since there are a large number of programming languages out there and choosing one and master in it might be challenging. Thus, before getting started into the world of coding, you must make the right choice and come up with the one that best suited for you.
List of top 50 programming languages to learn.
JavaScript
JavaScript is a core programming language for powering the World Wide Web. Its effectiveness in front- and back-end development, the ability to work well with other languages, versatility, and updated annually make it a widely used language.
Python
Python is considered one of the best programming languages that can be used for web and desktop applications, GUI-based desktop applications, machine learning, data science, and network servers.
C
C is designed specifically for use with the Windows OS and is part of the .Net framework. It is widely used by competitive programmers owing to the fact that it is extremely fast and stable.
Java
Java is one of the languages that is popular in large organizations thanks to it a number of use-cases and has long been the preferred go-to language for coding on Android. It is widely used in Android App Development.
Go
Also known as Golang, Go provides excellent support for multithreading and thus, it is being used by a majority of companies that rely heavily on distributed systems. Developed at Google, Go scales well to larger systems and can execute multiple processes at once.
Perl
Perl takes the best features from other languages, such as C, awk, sed, sh, and BASIC, among others. It is originally developed for text manipulation and now used for a wide range of tasks such as system administration, web development, network programming, GUI development, and more.
Ruby
Ruby is a scripting language that runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. Everything in Ruby is an object except the blocks but there are replacements too for it i.eprocs and lambda.
Swift
Swift can be friendly to new programmers. It is a safe, fast, and interactive programming language that integrates the best in modern language expertise with wisdom from the wider Apple engineering culture and the diverse contributions from its open-source community.
Scala
Scala combines functional programming with object-oriented programming, offering code complexity alongside concise notation for better coding and increased performance. It also combines the flexibility of Java-style interfaces with the power of classes. Think principled multiple-inheritance.
PHP
PHP programming language is basically used for developing web-based software applications and allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. It is a must learning language for students and working professionals to become a Software Engineer especially when they are working in Web Development Domain.
C++
C++ is a general-purpose programming language that can be used to develop operating systems, browsers, games, and more. It supports different ways of programming like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and so on. This makes C++ powerful as well as flexible.
R
R is one of the most popular languages commonly used in statistical computing, data analytics and scientific research. It is used by statisticians, data analysts, researchers and marketers to retrieve, clean, assess, visualize and present data. Owing to its expressive syntax and easy-to-use interface, R has grown in popularity in recent years.
Objective-C
Objective-C is an object-oriented language based upon the standard programming language C. It is designed to give C full object-oriented programming capabilities, and to do so in a simple and straightforward way. Objective-C is the main programming language used by Apple for the OS X and iOS operating systems and their respective APIs, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.
SQL
SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and retrieving data in databases. All the Relational Database Management Systems (RDMS) like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as their standard database language.
Arduino
Arduino programming language is based upon the Wiring development platform, which in turn is based upon Processing. It is basically a framework built on top of C++. There are various models of Arduino boards, as well as a whole variety of Arduino-compatible clone products, such as GSTduino, Freaduino, or CraftDuino. Their basic structure is rather similar.
MATLAB
MATLAB is used widely in the Computer Vision and Image processing industry. It started out as a matrix programming language where linear algebra programming was simple. MATLAB is Ideal for developing scientific research applications. Matlab Coder allows converting code for use in other programming languages, such as C++, Java, and Python.
Rust
Rust has valuable built-in documentation and features helpful error messages. It offers speed and security, without sacrificing performance. Developers use Rust to create a wide range of new software applications, such as game engines, operating systems, file systems, browser components and simulation engines for virtual reality.
TypeScript
TypeScript is an open-source language that builds on JavaScript by adding static type definitions. Types provide a way to define the shape of an object, providing better documentation, and allowing TypeScript to validate that a user’s code is working correctly.
Kotlin
Kotlin is designed to be completely interoperable with Java. This language offers features that developers ask for since the time Android announced it as its first language. Kotlin effortlessly combines object-oriented and functional programming features within it.
CSS
CSS is often used to style an HTML document. It is designed to enable the separation of presentation and content, including layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics.
Groovy
Groovy is a powerful, optionally typed and dynamic language, with static-typing and static compilation capabilities, for the Java platform aimed at improving developer productivity. It uses a curly-bracket syntax similar to Java’s and supports closures, multiline strings, and expressions embedded in strings.
Dart
Dart is a client-optimized language for apps on multiple platforms. It is developed by Google and can be compiled to the ARM and x86 architectures for mobile use or transpiled to JavaScript for browser applications.
Assembly Language
Assembly language can be converted into executable machine code by a utility program referred to as an assembler like NASM, MASM, etc. This programming language is designed for a computer or other programmable device specific to particular computer architecture.
PowerShell
PowerShell provides full access to COM and WMI, enabling administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems as well as WS-Management and CIM enabling management of remote Linux systems and network devices. It has a rich expression parser and a fully developed scripting language.
Julia
A general-purpose language and can be used to write any application, Julia is a high-level, high-performance, dynamic programming language. Many of its features are well-suited for numerical analysis and computational science.
Scratch
Scratch is used to create interactive stories, games, and animations. While the Scratch language is fairly easy to use, fun, and addictive, the language is popular for two main reasons, its community and how Scratch encourages kids to learn then take risks to adapt what they’ve done.
COBOL
COBOL is used for writing application programs like those in the defense domain, insurance, etc., which require huge data processing. Massive COBOL codebases are still in use around the world, many of them running almost exactly as they were when first created.
Fortran
Fortran comprises of a lineage of versions, each of which evolved to add extensions to the language while usually retaining compatibility with prior versions. It is extensively used in numerical, scientific computing, and has a strong user base with scientific programmers. The language is also used in organizations such as weather forecasters, financial trading, and in engineering simulations.
ABAP
Stands for Advanced Business Application Programming, ABAP is a high-level programming language created by the German software company SAP SE. It is extracted from the base computing languages Java, C, C++ and Python, and is currently positioned, alongside Java.
Scheme
Scheme language supports operations on structured data such as strings, lists, and vectors, as well as operations on more traditional data such as numbers and characters. It has been employed to write text editors, optimizing compilers, operating systems, graphics packages, expert systems, numerical applications, financial analysis packages, virtual reality systems, and practically every other type of application imaginable.
Shell
A shell program, sometimes referred to as a shell script, is simply a program constructed of shell commands. Designed to be run by the Unix shell, a command-line interpreter, the language may be simple and encompass just a few shell commands, or it may be very complex and comprises thousands of shell commands.
Prolog
As a logic programming language, Prolog has an important role in artificial intelligence. Unlike other languages, Prolog is intended primarily as a declarative programming language. In prolog, logic is expressed as relations called Facts and Rules.
VBScript
VBScript is the primary scripting language for Quick Test Professional (QTP), which is a test automation tool. It uses the Component Object Model to access elements of the environment within which it is running. For example, the FileSystemObject (FSO) is used to create, read, update and delete files.
Haskell
As logicians create models to describe and define human reasoning, for example, problems in mathematics, computer science, and philosophy, Haskell’s main work was in combinatory logic, a notation designed to eliminate the need for variables in mathematical logic. It is typically used in academia and industry.
Delphi
Delphi uses the Object Pascal programming language. It is an integrated development environment (IDE) for rapid application development of desktop, mobile, web, and console software, currently developed and maintained by Embarcadero Technologies.
Hack
The Hack programming language has been released for HHVM (HipHop Virtual Machine), created by Facebook as a dialect of PHP. Hack reconciles the fast development cycle of PHP with the discipline provided by static typing, while adding many features commonly found in other modern programming languages.
Pascal
Pascal was developed for teaching programming as a systematic discipline and to develop reliable and efficient programs. It is an Algol-based language and involves many constructs of Algol. Pascal offers several data types and programming structures. It is easy to understand and maintain Pascal programs.
Ada
Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. It was designed to be a single language, capable of running on all of those embedded systems, which offered the same or better level of performance and reliability.
Lua
Lua is used for all sorts of applications, from games to web applications and image processing. To run Lua programs on the computer, users will need a standalone Lua interpreter and perhaps some additional Lua libraries.
Visual Basic
Developed by Microsoft, Visual Basic is a third-generation event-driven programming language known for its Component Object Model (COM) programming model. Visual Basic was derived from BASIC and enables the rapid application development (RAD) of GUI applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controls and objects.
Lisp
Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language in widespread use today. It was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by the notation of Alonzo Church’s lambda calculus.
Bash
Developed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) under the GNU Project, Bash is a Unix shell and command language. It is the default user shell on most Linux installations. Bash can read and execute commands from a file, called a shell script.
Clojure
Clojure is a modern, dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language on the Java platform. Like other Lisp dialects, Clojure treats code as data and has a Lisp macro system. It advocates immutability and immutable data structures and encourages programmers to be explicit about managing identity and its states.
MQL4
Based on the concepts of the popular C++, MQL4, or MetaQuotes Language 4, allows users to develop complex programs with a large amount of calculations while accurately manage almost all trading robot and indicator parameters.
Apex
Apex is an integrated, easy to use, data-focused, rigorous, hosted, multi-tenant aware, automatically up-gradable, easy to test and versioned programming language. It allows developers to attach business logic to the record save process and has built-in support for unit test creation and execution.
LabVIEW
LabVIEW, which stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench, is a system-design platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National Instruments. The programming paradigm used in LabVIEW, sometimes called G, is based on data availability.
ABL
Advanced Business Language (ABL) empowers developers to manage relational data in a way that best matches their business needs, significantly boosting productivity. An OpenEdge developer can create APIs for .NET, JavaScript, Java clients, Java messaging and even map database schema to XML formats.
D
D is well suited to writing medium to large scale million line programs with teams of developers. This programming language is easy to learn, provides many capabilities to aid the programmer, and is well suited to aggressive compiler optimization technology.
SAS
SAS is a computer programming language used for statistical analysis. Through innovative analytics, it caters to business intelligence and data management software and services. SAS transforms data into insight which can give a fresh perspective on business.
Logo
An educational programming language, Logo is widely known for its use of turtle graphics, in which commands for movement and drawing produced line or vector graphics, either on-screen or with a small robot termed a turtle.
Do conduct your own research and reach out to financial advisors before making any decisions.
Vivek Kumar Top-50-programming-languages-learn-coding/
See also
- Lists of programming languages
- List of programming languages by type
- Comparison of programming languages
- List of BASIC dialects by platform
- List of markup languages
- List of stylesheet languages
- History of programming languages
- Category:Programming languages
- Programming paradigm
- IEC 61131-3 – a standard for programmable logic controller (PLC) languages
- Educational programming language
- Esoteric programming language
|
|
|
Home/ Info Products BIG TECH Metaverse Metaverse Vs. Virtual Reality PC Buyers Guide/ Building Your Own Computer IEEE 802 Standards Social Media Platforms Digital Customer Aquisition Methods Satellite Computer & IT Certifications Processor Generations Memory DDR3 Vs. DDR4 DDR5 SSD Vs. HDD SAS vs. SATA HTML 5G Android Tips and Tricks STEM Business Intelligence Tools Web Intelligence Quantum Computing Quantum Computing Language Datafication Artificial Intelligence (AI) A.I. Jobs Cognitive Technology ChatGPT WorldCoin Robotics Internet of Things (IOT) Web Of Things (WoT) Renewable Energy Nano Technology Cleantech Ag/Agro/Agri Tech 3D Printing Office Suites Windows Run Commands Windows Auto Login Hiren's Boot Disku Benchmarks Android Vs. IOS Mac Vs. PC Mac Keyboard Shortcuts LWN,net Linux Distributions List Linux CLi Commands Windows 11 Requirements Venus Project Computer Security and Law Techno Lingo Encyclopedias Search Engines Glossary Online Jobs Contact
Active Components Passive Components Test Electrical Components Electronics Classification Nuclear Energy Electric Vehicles (EVs)
Education Technology (EdTech) AWS Certification Google Certification Oracle Certifications cisco certifications Huawei Certification Microsoft Certifications Linux Certification Business Certifications YouTube Learning Channels
Google-Cloud-Platform-Guide Amazon-Web-Services-Guide Global-Cloud-Infrastructure-Of-AWS Amazon-Web-Services-Cli-Guide AWS-Cloudformation AWS Tools AWS Marketplace Devops Microsoft-Azure Oracle-Cloud Digitalocean-Cloud Openstack-Cloud IaC CloudFormation Anatomy Terraform Summary Edge Vs. Cloud Vs. Fog Computing Security Topics
Certified Enterprise Blockchain Professional (CEBP) Web 3.0 Satoshi Nakamoto Cryptocurrency Dark Web Ethereum NFT Merkle Tree El-Salvador eNaira Challenges Of Crypto To Cash
Web C++ JAVA Python Python Glossary Quantum Computing Language Angular.js Scala
Copyright BICT Solutions Privacy Policy. | Terms and Conditions apply | All rights reserved.