SCALA PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Scala is a strongstatically typedgeneral-purpose programming language which supports both object-oriented programming and functional programming.
The name Scala is a portmanteau of scalable and language, signifying that it is designed to grow with the demands of its users.
Scala has many features of functional programming languages (like Scheme, Standard ML, and Haskell), including currying, immutability, lazy evaluation, and pattern matching. It also has an advanced type system supporting algebraic data types, covariance and contravariance, higher-order types (but not higher-rank types), anonymous types, operator overloading, optional parameters, named parameters, raw strings, and an experimental exception-only version of algebraic effects that can be seen as a more powerful version of Java's checked exceptions.
Wikipedia Scala_(programming_language)
Why Scala?
- Easy to Start: Scala is a high level language so it is closer to other popular programming languages like Java, C, C++. Thus it becomes very easy to learn Scala for anyone. For Java programmers, Scala is more easy to learn.
- Contains best Features: Scala contains the features of different languages like C, C++, Java, etc. which makes the it more useful, scalable and productive.
- Close integration with Java: The source code of the Scala is designed in such a way that its compiler can interpret the Java classes. Also, Its compiler can utilize the frameworks, Java Libraries, and tools etc. After compilation, Scala programs can run on JVM.
- Web – Based & Desktop Application Development: For the web applications it provides the support by compiling to JavaScript. Similarly for desktop applications, it can be compiled to JVM bytecode.
- Used by Big Companies: Most of the popular companies like Apple, Twitter, Walmart, Google etc. move their most of codes to Scala from some other languages. reason being it is highly scalable and can be used in backend operations.
Features of Scala
- Object- Oriented: Every value in Scala is an object so it is a purely object-oriented programming language. The behavior and type of objects are depicted by the classes and traits in Scala.
- Functional: It is also a functional programming language as every function is a value and every value is an object. It provides the support for the high-order functions, nested functions, anonymous functions, etc.
- Statically Typed: The process of verifying and enforcing the constraints of types is done at compile time in Scala. Unlike other statically typed programming languages like C++, C, etc., Scala doesn’t expect the redundant type information from the user. In most cases, the user has no need to specify a type.
- Extensible: New language constructs can be added to Scala in form of libraries. Scala is designed to interpolate with the JRE(Java Runtime Environment).
- Concurrent & Synchronize Processing: Scala allows the user to write the codes in an immutable manner that makes it easy to apply the parallelism(Synchronize) and concurrency.
- Run on JVM & Can Execute Java Code: Java and Scala have a common runtime environment. So the user can easily move from Java to Scala. The Scala compiler compiles the program into.class file, containing the Bytecode that can be executed by JVM. All the classes of Java SDK can be used by Scala. With the help of Scala user can customize the Java classes.
Advantages:
- Scala’s complex features provided the better coding and efficiency in performance.
- Tuples, macros, and functions are the advancements in Scala.
- It incorporates the object-oriented and functional programming which in turn make it a powerful language.
- It is highly scalable and thus provides better support for backend operations.
- It reduces the risk associated with the thread-safety which is higher in Java.
- Due to the functional approach, generally, a user ends up with fewer lines of codes and bugs which result in higher productivity and quality.
- Due to lazy computation, Scala computes the expressions only when they are required in the program.
- There are no static methods and variables in Scala. It uses the singleton object(class with one object in the source file).
- It also provides the Traits concept. Traits are the collection of abstract and non-abstract methods which can be compiled into Java interfaces.
Disadvantages:
- Sometimes, two approaches make the Scala hard to understand.
- There is a limited number of Scala developers available in comparison to Java developers.
- It has no true-tail recursive optimization as it runs on JVM.
- It always revolves around the object-oriented concept because every function is value and every value is an object in Scala.
Applications:
- It is mostly used in data analysis with the spark.
- Used to develop the web-applications and API.
- It provide the facility to develop the frameworks and libraries.
- Preferred to use in backend operations to improve the productivity of developers.
- Parallel batch processing can be done using Scala.
Scala |
Java |
Scala is a mixture of both object oriented and functional programming. |
Java is a general purpose object oriented language. |
Scala is less readable due to nested code. |
Java is more readable. |
The process of compiling source code into byte code is slow. |
The process of compiling source code into byte code is fast. |
Scala support operator overloading. |
Java does not support operator overloading. |
Scala supports lazy evaluation. |
Java does not support lazy evaluation. |
Scala is not backward compatible. |
Java is backward compatible means the code written in the new version can also run in older version without any error. |
Any method or function present is Scala are treated like they are variable. |
Java treats functions as an object. |
In Scala, the code is written in compact form. |
In Java, the code is written in long form. |
Scala variables are by default immutable type. |
Java variables are by default mutable type. |
Scala treated everything as an instance of the class and it is more object oriented language as compare to Java. |
Java is less object oriented as compare to Scala due to presence of primitives and statics. |
Scala does not contain static keyword. |
Java contains static keyword. |
In Scala, all the operations on entities are done by using method calls. |
In Java, operators are treated differently and is not done with method call. |
Python |
Scala |
Python is a dynamically typed language. |
Scala is a statically typed language. |
We don’t need to specify objects in Python because it is a dynamically typed Object Oriented Programming language. |
We need to specify the type of variables and objects in Scala because Scala is statically typed Object Oriented Programming language. |
Python is easy to learn and use. |
Scala is less difficult to learn than Python. |
Extra work is created for the interpreter at the runtime. |
No extra work is created in Scala and thus it is 10 times faster than Python. |
The data types are decided by it during runtime. |
This is not the case in Scala that is why while dealing with large data process, Scala should be considered instead of Python |
Python’s Community is huge compared to Scala. |
Scala also has good community support. But still, it is lesser than Python. |
Python supports heavyweight process forking and doesn’t support proper multithreading. |
Scala has reactive cores and a list of asynchronous libraries and hence Scala is a better choice for implementing concurrency. |
Its methodologies are much complex in Python as it is dynamic programming language. |
Testing is much better in scala because it is a statically typed language. |
It is popular because of its English-like syntax. |
For scalable and concurrent systems, Scala play much bigger. |
Python is easy for the developers to write code in it. |
Scala is less difficult to learn than Python and it is difficult to write code in Scala. |
There is an interface in Python to many OS system calls and libraries. It has many interpreters |
It is basically a compiled language and all source codes are compiled before execution |
Python language is highly prone to bugs whenever there is any change to the existing code. |
No such problem is seen in Scala. |
Python has libraries for Machine learning and proper data science tools and Natural Language Processing (NLP). |
Where as Scala has no such tools. |
Python can be used for small-scale projects. |
Scala can be used for large-scale projects. |
It doesn’t provide scalable feature support. |
It provides scalable feature support. |
- Introduction to Scala
- Interesting fact about Scala
- Setting up the environment in Scala
- How to install Scala in Linux?
- How to install Scala in Windows?
- What makes Scala scalable?
- Hello World in Scala
- Scala | Uniform Access Principle
- Scala vs Java
- Python vs Scala
- Difference between Kotlin and Scala
- Scala | REPL
Scala Basics
- Scala Keywords
- Scala Identifiers
- Data Types in Scala
- Variables in Scala
- Scala Console | println, printf and readLine
- Scala Identifiers
- Scala | Pattern Matching
- Comments In Scala
- Command Line Argument in Scala
- Enumeration in Scala
- Scope of Variables In Scala
- Scala | Ranges
Control Statements
- Scala | Decision Making
- Scala | Loops(while, do..while, for, nested loops)
- For Loop in Scala
- while and do while Loop in Scala
- Break statement in Scala
- Scala | Literals
- Scala | yield Keyword
- Scala | Type Inference
OOP Concepts
- Class and Object in Scala
- Inner class in Scala
- Inheritance in Scala
- Operators in Scala
- Operators Precedence in Scala
- Abstract Classes in Scala
- Singleton and Companion Objects
- Generic Classes in Scala
- Access Modifiers in Scala
- Scala Constructors
- Scala | Primary Constructor
- Scala | Auxiliary Constructor
- Calling A Super Class Constructor in Scala
- Extending a Class in Scala
- Scala | Case Class and Case Object
- Scala | Polymorphism
- Value classes
- Scala | Field Overriding
- Scala | Abstract Type members
- Type Casting in Scala
- Object Casting in Scala
- Object Equality in Scala
- Scala | Multithreading
- Scala | Final
- Scala this keyword
- Scala | Controlling visibility of constructor fields
Parameterized – Type
- Scala Type Hierarchy
- Scala | Lower Bound
- Scala | Upper bound
- Scala | Variances
- Scala | Null, null, Nil, Nothing, None, and Unit
Exceptions
- Scala | Exception Handling
- Throw Keyword in Scala
- Scala | Try-Catch Exceptions
- Scala | Finally Exceptions
- Scala | Either
Scala Annotation
Methods
- Scala | Functions – Basics
- Currying Functions in Scala with Examples
- Anonymous Functions in Scala
- Higher Order Functions in Scala
- Scala | Named Arguments
- Scala | Functions Call-by-Name
- Scala | Closures
- Scala | Nested Functions
- Parameterless Method in Scala
- Recursion in Scala
- Tail Recursion in Scala
- Scala | Partially Applied functions
- Method Overloading in Scala
- Method Overriding in Scala
- Scala | Method Invocation
- Scala | Format and Formatted Method
- Controlling Method Scope In Scala
- Scala | Repeated Method Parameters
- Partial Functions in Scala
- Lambda Expression in Scala
- Scala Varargs
- Scala | Function Composition
- Call a method on a Super Class in Scala
- Implicit Conversions in Scala
String
- Scala String
- Scala | String Interpolation
- Scala | StringContext
- Regular Expressions in Scala
- StringBuilder in Scala
- String concatenation in Scala
Scala Packages
Scala Trait
- Scala | Traits
- Scala | Sealed Trait
- Scala | Trait Mixins
- Trait Linearization in Scala
- Scala | Trait App
- Difference Between Traits and Abstract Classes in Scala
- Scala Trait Traversable | Set-1
- Scala Trait Traversable | Set-2
- Scala Trait Traversable | Set-3
- Scala Trait Traversable | Set-4
Collections
- Scala Lists
- Scala ListBuffer
- ListSet in Scala
- Scala | Arrays
- Multidimensional Arrays in Scala
- Scala | Create Array with Range
- Scala | ArrayBuffer
- Scala | Tuple
- Set in Scala | Set-1
- Set in Scala | Set-2
- BitSet in Scala
- HashSet In Scala
- Stack in Scala
- HashMap in Scala
- ListMap in Scala
- TreeSet in Scala
- Scala | Reduce, fold or scan
- Iterators in Scala
- Map
Scala Options
Miscellaneous Topics
- Getters and Setters in Scala
- Scala Extractors
- Scala For Comprehensions
- Scala | Sequence Comprehensions
- The Factory Pattern in Scala
- Scala | Lazy Evaluation
- Monads in Scala
- Lazy val and Infinite Sequences in Scala
- Scala Stream
- Recursive Streams and collection in Scala
- Placeholder Syntax in Scala
- Scala | Sieve of Eratosthenes
- Using Extractors with Pattern Matching In Scala
- Overriding Accessors and Mutators in Scala
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